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Afghanistan has oil reserves and in this makeshift refinery the crude oil is turned into diesel and petrol. The equipment is made from odds and ends including many parts made from wrecked military equipment. Like much of Afghanistan the refinery is a triumph of makeshift engineering and 'bodging'. During the bombing campaign the flares burning off the sulphur fumes were extinguished and the location of the refinery was not known by the US forces so it escaped destruction.
The spiderlike pipework behind the tanks is the distillation pipework for separating the heated crude oil into Diesel and Petrol.